Доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Удмуртского института истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН: Российская Федерация, Удмуртская Республика, 426004, г. Ижевск,
ул. Ломоносова, д. 4; тел.: +7 (3412) 68-78-70; e-mail: nad_shutova@mail.ru
The present article aims to study magic abilities, social status and functions of the Udmurt fortunetellers / magicians / wizards tuno / usto tuno / abyzas’. The research is based on, firstly, author’s own field materials, secondly, on data of ethnographers and historians in the late 19th — early 20th century and, finally, on contemporary published studies. For the first time the description of activity of cult keepers is given by periods such as the late 18th — early 20th century and the second half of the 20th century. Information about the two prominent fortunetellers is provided, one of them Ulya Onton lived since the late 18th up to the first half of the 19th century, and other Lik Oleksey — in the middle and the second half of the 20th century. It is revealed that fortunetellers, tunoprophets had great social status (meaning) as experts in sacral knowledge, as persons who had got supernatural abilities and a prophecy gift. They received information by means of prayers, magical spells, music, dances and rituals, using of substances with hallucinogenic properties. People asked them to help in extraordinary and occasional situations such as a choosing a place for prayers, appointment of a chief priest for shrines to sacrifice, to locate treasures, for healing of diseases of people and cattle, and in other difficult situations. However, position of “tuno” in the religious sphere was limited by priest activities, which carried the leading intermediary function between the world of people and the world of the gods. During the period under consideration almost all the Udmurts were officially Christians and the traditional cult keepers gradually lost its high sacred status. In the the 20th century the number of fortunetellers was considerably reduced, and their functions have been connected with healing and searches for missing people and domestic animals.
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