E-mail: reimara@mail.ru
Tel.: +7 (812) 328-19-01
4, emb. Makarova, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
Senior researcher, department of Russian Folklore, Institute of Institute of Russian Literature
(Pushkin House), Russian Academy of Sciences
The article deals with the problem of the origin of basic mythological persons of the plot “Tury” in their relationship with the “bylina’s” figure of Vasilij Jgnat’evich-Drunkard on example of White Sea Coasts epic tradition. The origin of the image of aurochs is traced. Its existence in mythological space of Russian epic is studied in its connection with the concepts of sea/ocean and the primordial earth — mythical “Buyan” the Island, where progenitors of all animals reside and the World Tree = Levanidov the Cross = Sacred Mountain stand. There is placed the “all the stones farther” — mythical Latyr’-Stone also, where the main events of the World take place, where 100 God’s Holy Altars stand. Just there the divine Aurochs with gold horns lives. The article considers also the fragment with the Maiden in the Wall (inside the Mountain) = Mother-Town Wall =Virgin. The image of the Girl-Virgin, descending downside the wall (the mountain) to the river or the sea is rooted in the person of charms — the maiden, sitting on a sacred island or on an Altar-Stone in the center of a river or the ocean. Analysis of Vasiliy Jgnat’evich the Drunkard’s image in its correlation with persons of the “Tury” fragment makes it possible to suggest, that we can find its sources not from historical reality, but from the space of ancient archetypes. All in all, the image and semantic structure of this plot is formed by Old Slavic (pagan) and Old Russian ancient religious attitude, which partly are remained in myths, charms, spirit poetry, apocrypha.
Afanas’ev A. N. (1994) Poeticheskie vozzreniya slavyan na prirodu [Poetic Views on the Nature of the Slavs: In 3 vol.]. Moscow. In Russian.
Apokrify Drevney Rusi [The Apocrypha of the Old Russia] (2008). St. Petersburg. In Russian
. Astakhova A.M., Mitrofanova V.V., Skripil’ M. O. (eds.) (1960) Byliny v zapisyakh i pereskazakh XVII–XVIII vekov [Bylina Epics in Recordings and Retellings of the 17th –18th Centuries]. Moscow; Leningrad. In Russian.
Babalyk M.G., Pigin A.V. (2007) Drevnerusskiy apokrif «Beseda trekh svyatiteley» v Kizhskoy rukopisi iz kollektsii krest’yan Kornilovykh [Old Russian Apocrypha “Interlocution between Three Sanctifiers” in the Kizhi Manuscript from the collection of Kornilovs the Peasants]. Kizhskiy vestnik [Kizhi Herald]. Petrozavodsk. Issue 11. Pp. 148– 165. URL: http://marina-marija.narod.ru/spisok. html. In Russian
. Balandin A.I. (comm.) (1938) Onezhskie byliny [“Bylina” Epics of Onega]. Arkhangel’sk. In Russian. Balashov D. M. (preface, ed., comm.) (1983) Russkie narodnye ballady [Russian Folk Ballads]. Moscow. In Russian.
Barkova A.L. (2003) Funktsii «mladshikh geroev» v epicheskom syuzhete [Functions of the Minor Heroes in the Epic Plot]. PhD Thesis. Moscow. URL: http://mith.ru/alb/epic/dis74.htm. In Russian.
Bazhov P. (1939) Malakhitovaya shkatulka. Skazy starogo Urala [Malachite casket. Tales of the Old Urals]. Sverdlovsk. In Russian.
Bernshtam T.A. (2004) Tury, Bogoroditsa i bogatyr’-p’yanitsa (rassledovanie odnoy «epicheskoy» zagadki) [The Aurochs, the Deipara and a Drunkard Hero (Investigation of a Certain Epic Enigma)]. Russkiy Sever: Aspekty unikal’nogo v etnokul’turnoy istorii i narodnoy traditsii [Russian North: Facets of Unique in the Ethno-Cultural History and Folk Tradition]. St. Petersburg. Issue 6. Pp. 133–199. In Russian.
Borodina E., Lipets R. (recorded, comm.) (1941) Byliny M. S. Kryukovoy [Bylina Epics of M. S. Kryukova]. Moscow. Vol. 1–2. In Russian.
Chicherov V.I. (comp.), Ukhov P.D. (comm.) (1969) Byliny [Bylina Epics]. Moscow. In Russian.
Dolgikh I. (No Year) Mnimyy edinorog, rimu i reem Vostoka, ur i tur Evropy, bos primigenius paleontologii. [An Alleged Unicorn, “Rimu” and “Reem” of the East, and “Ur” and “Tur” (“Auroch”) of Europe, “Bos Primigenius” of the Paleontology]. Riga. In Russian.
Evgen’eva A. P., Putilov B.N. (prep.) (1977) Drevnie rossiyskie stikhotvoreniya, sobrannye Kirsheyu Danilovym [Old Russian Poems, Collected by Kirsha Danilov]. Moscow; Leningrad. In Russian.
Famintsyn A.S. (1884) Bozhestva drevnikh slavyan [Deity of the Ancient Slavs]. St. Petersburg. In Russian.
Fasmer M. (1967–1973) Etimologicheskiy slovar’ russkogo yazyka [Etymologic Dictionary of the Russian Language]. Transl. from German and Additions by O.N. Trubachev. Moscow. Vol. 2, 4. In Russian.
Golan A. (1993) Mif i simvol [Myth and Symbol]. Moscow. In Russian.
Grigor’ev A. D. (1904) Arkhangel’skie byliny i istoricheskie pesni, sobrannye A.D. Grigor’evym v 1899–1901 gg. [Arkhangel’sk “Bylina” Epics and Historical Songs, Collected by A.D. Grigor’ev in 1899–1901]. Pomorskie byliny (stariny) i istoricheskie pesni [Part 1. Pomeranian “Bylina (Starina)” Epics and Historical Songs]. Pinega [Part 2. Pinega]. St. Petersburg. In Russian.
Ivanova T.G., Azbelev S.N., Marchenko Yu. I. (eds.) (2002) Belomorskie stariny i dukhovnye stikhi. Sobranie A.V. Markova [White Sea “Starina” Epics and Spiritual Verses, Collected by A.V. Markov]. St. Petersburg. In Russian.
Lipets R.S. (1969) Epos i Drevnyaya Rus’ [Epics and the Old Russia]. Moscow. In Russian.
Maykov L.N. (1994) Velikorusskie zaklinaniya. Sbornik L.N. Maykova [Great-Russian Incantations. L.N. Markov’s Collection]. St. Petersburg. In Russian.
Miller V. F. (1897) Ocherki russkoy narodnoy slovesnosty: Byliny. I–XVI [Essays on the Russian Folk Literature. “Bylina” Epics. I–XVI]. Moscow. Vol. I. In Russian.
Nikiforov A.I., Vinogradov G.S. (eds., comm.) (1949) Onezhskie byliny, zapisannye A.F. Gil’ferdingom letom 1871 [Bylina Epics of Onega, Recorded by A.F. Gil’ferding in Summer 1871]. Moscow; Leningrad. Vol. 1. In Russian.
Oksenov A. (comp.), Shemyakin V.I. (ed.) (1894) Narodnaya poeziya. Byliny. Pesni. Dukhovnye stikhi. S vvedeniem i ob”yasnitel’nym slovarem [Folk Poetry. “Bylina” Epics. Songs. Spiritual Verses. With Introduction and Explanatory Dictionary]. Moscow. In Russian.
Propp V. Ya. (1955) Russkiy geroicheskiy epos [Russian Heroic Epics]. Leningrad. In Russian.
Putilov B.N. (1988) Geroicheskiy epos i deystvitel’nost’ [Heroic Epics and the Reality]. Leningrad. In Russian.
Putilov B.N. (2003) Fol’klor i narodnaya kul’tura; In memoriam. [Folklore and Folk Culture; In Memoriam]. St. Petersburg. Pp. 231–233. (Ethnographica Petropolitana. IX). In Russian.
Razumova A.P., Razumova I.A., Kurets T.S. (eds.) (1990) Pesni, sobrannye P.N. Rybnikovym [Songs, Collected by P.N. Rybnikov. Vol. 2. “Bylina” Epics]. Petrozavodsk. In Russian.
Shepping Dm. (2014) Mify slavyanskogo yazychestva [Myths of Slavic Heathenism]. Moscow. In Russian.
Slovar’-spravochnik «Slova o polku Igoreve». Vyp. 6. T— Ya i dopolneniya [Dictionary and Reference Book of the “Word on Igor’s Campaign”. Issue 6. T — Ya and Additions] (1984). Leningrad. In Russian.
Smirnov Yu. I. (preface, comp., comm.) (1976) Pesni yuzhnykh slavyan [Songs of the Southern Slavs]. Moscow. In Russian.
Sumtsov N. F. (1887) Tur v narodnoy slovesnosti [An Auroch in the Folk Verbal Art]. Kievskaya starina [Kiev Antiquity]. Vol. 17. In Russian.
Zabylin M. (coll.) (1990) Russkiy narod. Ego obychai, obryady, predaniya, sueveriya i poeziya. Sobr. M. Zabylinym [The Russian People. Their Customs, Rites, Legends, Superstitions and Poetry, Collected by M. Zabylin]. Moscow. In Russian.