https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3470-5474
Кандидат искусствоведения, доцент кафедры искусствоведения Арктического государственного института культуры и искусств:
Российская Федерация, 677000, г. Якутск, ул. Орджоникидзе, д. 4,
тел.: +7 (4112) 34-44-60; e-mail: dvaryae2012@mail.r
This article describes and classifies the archaic idiophones of the Sakha people which are still used in the ritual practices and economic activities of the Yakuts. It is based on ethnographic and folklore sources and field materials; on the systematic study of European musical instruments by E. M. von Hornbostel and С. Sachs; and on Yu. I. Sheikin’s regional and historical typology. According to von Hornbostel and Sachs, this group of idiophones is characterized by the fact that “the material of the instrument, due to its rigidity and resilience, makes a sound without the need for stretched membranes or strings”. According to Sheikin’s typology, archaic phono-instruments are distinguished by their simple structure and technology of manufacture; they make one sound and “in their functions are not related to the practice of acoustic behavior but are taken from the surrounding world of things”. Among archaic Sakha phono-instruments, children’s noisemakers are most widely represented; there are rattles made from bird craw, “mas khomus” (mouth harps) made of wood and “muos khomus” made from animal horn, ritual idiophones, slotted drums (dyolyokkyoy kyupsyuyur), wooden rattles (“iirer dyaga”), as well as “loguor” or “bylaayakhtakh khaptasyn” (boards struck with a stick), and the “aaryktakh khaptasyn” (a board with rattles). The latter was used to signal “the gathering of the community for a meeting and used in place of a bell”.
Bolo S. I. (1994) Proshloe yakutov do prikhoda russkikh na Lenu [Тhe Yakuts’ past before the arrival of Russians at the Lena River]. Yakutsk. In Russian.
Chakhov A. I. (2012) Starinnye yakutskiye muzykal’nye instrument: Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya [Old Yakut musical instruments: Manufacturing technology]. Yakutsk. In Russian.
Hornbostel E. M. von, Sachs С. (1987) Sistematika muzykal’nykh instrumentov [Тaxonomy of musical instruments]. In: Narodnye muzykal’nye instrumenty i instrumental’naya muzyka [Folk musical instruments and instrumental music]. Coll. of articles and mater. In 2 parts. Part 1. Ed. by Matsiyevskiy. Moscow. Pp. 229–261. In Russian.
Izbekov U. (1962) Bisigi bylyrgy muzykabyt [Our ancient music]. Khotugu sulus [Polar star]. 1962. No. 3. Pp. 153–156. In Yakut. Montagu J. (2001) Corrections for Diagram Group: Musical instruments of the world. Oxford. In English.
Sheikin Yu. I. (2002) Istoriya muzykal’noy kul’tury narodov Sibiri: Sravnitel’no-istoricheskoye
issledovaniye [A history of the musical culture of the peoples of Siberia: A comparative historical study]. Ed. by E. S. Novik; Notography by T. I. Ignateva. Moscow. In Russian.
Tellier-Ivanov S. V. (2005) Traditsionnyye sakha detskiye muzykal’nyye igrushki [Traditional Sakha children’s musical toys]. In: Muzykal’nyye instrumenty narodov Sibiri: problemy izucheniya, rekonstruktsii i ispolnitel’stva [The musical instruments of peoples of Siberia: Issues of study, reconstruction and performance]. Abstr. of Reg. Scient. Pract. Conf. Ed. by T. I. Ignatieva. Yakutsk. Pp. 40–42. In Russian.
Zabolotskaya P. E. (2009) Fol’klornyy teatr yakutov: (opyt istoriko-teatrovedcheskogo issledovaniya) [Folklore theater of the Yakuts: (An attempt at an historical and theatrical study)]. Ulan Ude. In Russian.
Dyakonova V. E. Archaic sound tools and their role in ritual practices and economic activities of the Yakuts (Sakha people). Traditional culture. 2019. Vol. 20. No. 4. Pp. 33–43. In Russian.